Safeguarding children - information for professionals

The safeguarding children procedures should be used at all times when there is concern a child is at risk of harm. Following these procedures ensures prompt and effective help to children and their families. Any inability or failure to comply with these instructions should be clearly recorded.

If organisations develop supplementary internal procedures, they should comply with the safeguarding children procedures.

Additonal local resources and briefings are available via the Resource Library.

 

Working Together to Safeguard Children 2018 sets out a clear expectation that local agencies will work together to identify children, who require help or protection, and to provide support as soon as problems emerge.

The Thresholds of Need document supports professionals working with children, when faced with a decision about their safety and wellbeing.

The Thresholds of Need document has been developed by the Northumberland Children and Adult Safeguarding Partnership (NCASP). It is a collaborative document and drives our shared ambition of offering children, young people, their families and carers the right help at the right time. There is addtional information about how to use the document, links below. 

• Thresholds of need - DOCUMENT
• Information about thresholds (sway) - why do we need thresholds and how to use the document (including FAQs and top tips). (PDF version of sway)

Information extracted from Child Protection Conferences (proceduresonline.com)

Threshold for a child protection plan

The child protection conference should consider the following question when determining whether a child requires a multi-agency child protection plan:

• Has the child suffered significant harm? and
• Is the child likely to suffer significant harm in the future?

The test for likelihood of suffering harm in the future should be that either:

• The child can be shown to have suffered maltreatment or impairment of health or development as a result of neglect or physical, emotional or sexual abuse, and professional judgement is that further ill-treatment or impairment is likely; or
• A professional judgement, substantiated by the findings of enquiries in this individual case or by research evidence, predicts that the child is likely to suffer maltreatment or the impairment of health and development as a result of neglect or physical, emotional or sexual abuse.

If a child is likely to suffer significant harm, then they will require multi-agency help and intervention delivered through a formal child protection plan.

The primary purposes of this plan are to:

• Ensure the child is safe from harm and prevent him or her from suffering further harm;
• Promote the child's health and development; and
• Support the family and wider family members to safeguard and promote the welfare of their child, provided it is in the best interests of the child.

Decision that a child needs a child protection plan

If a decision is taken that the child has suffered, or is likely to suffer Significant Harm and hence in need of a Child Protection Plan, the Chair should determine which category of abuse or neglect the child has suffered or is likely to suffer. The category used (that is physical, emotional, sexual abuse or neglect, see Responding to Abuse and Neglect Procedure for definitions) will indicate to those consulting the child's social care record the primary presenting concerns at the time the child became the subject of a Child Protection Plan.

The need for a protection plan should be considered separately in respect of each child in the family or household.

Where a child is to be the subject of a child protection plan, the conference is responsible for recommendations on how agencies, professionals and the family should work together to ensure that the child will be safeguarded from harm in the future. This should enable both professionals and the family to understand exactly what is expected of them and what they can expect of others.

The outline plan should:

• Describe specific, achievable, child-focused outcomes intended to safeguard each child;
• Describe the types of services required by each child (including family support) to promote their welfare;
• Set a timescale for the completion of the assessment, if appropriate;
• Identify any specialist assessments of each child and the family that may be required to ensure that sound judgements are being / can be made on how best to safeguard each child and promote their welfare;
• Clearly identify roles and responsibilities of professionals and family members, including the nature and frequency of contact by professionals with children and family members;
• Identify the resource implications for each agency as far as possible and determine the agency representation, who can commit agency resources, to the first core group meeting;
• Lay down points at which progress will be reviewed, the means by which progress will be judged and who will monitor this;
• Develop a robust contingency plan to respond if the family is unable to make the required changes and the child continues to be at risk of significant harm (e.g. recommend the consideration of legal action and the circumstances which would trigger this).

Child Does Not Require a Protection Plan

If the conference decides that a child has not suffered, or is not likely to suffer Significant Harm then the conference may not make the child the subject of a child protection plan. The child may nevertheless require services to promote his or her health or development. In these circumstances, the conference should consider the child's needs and make recommendations for further help and support to assist the family in responding to them. The conference should consider drawing up a child in need plan or recommending follow up by any local protocols in place referred to as "step down procedures" or Family Group Conferences.

The decision must be put in writing to the parent/s, and agencies as well as communicated to them verbally.

Discontinuing a current child protection plan

The conference should use the same decision-making process to reach a judgement for when a protection plan is no longer needed. This includes situations where other multi-agency planning might need to replace a protection plan.

A child may no longer need a protection plan if:

• A review conference judges that the child is no longer likely to suffer significant harm and no longer requires safeguarding by means of a child protection plan;
• The child has moved permanently to another local authority when a protection plan can only cease after the receiving authority has convened a transfer child protection conference and confirmed in writing responsibility for case management;
• The child has reached eighteen years of age, has died or has been judged to have permanently left the UK, when their name can be removed.

It is permissible for the Child Protection manager to agree the discontinuing of a child protection plan without the need to convene a Child Protection Review Conference only when:

• One or other of the latter two criteria in the paragraph above are satisfied; and
• The manager has informed the relevant agencies present at the conference that first concluded that a Child Protection Plan was required.

When the process carried out at in the paragraph above is followed, the consultation with other agencies and the decision to discontinue the Child Protection Plan must be clearly recorded in the children's social care child's record.

When a child is no longer subject of a Child Protection Plan, notification should be sent, as a minimum, to the agencies' representatives who were invited to attend the initial conference that led to the plan.

When a child protection plan is discontinued, the social worker must discuss with the parents and child/ren what services might be needed and required, based on the re-assessment of the needs of the child and family. A Child in Need Plan or a EHA should be developed for any continuing support. The plan should be reviewed at regular intervals of no more than every six months.

See: Child Protection Conferences (proceduresonline.com)
 

Before contacting, read your employer’s whistleblowing policy and then raise your concerns with your employer. If your employer does not have this policy, or you are still unsure how to raise your concerns, you can get free and confidential advice from the whistleblowing charity Public Concern at Work:

• Tel: 020 31172520
• Email: helpline@pcaw.co.uk
• Website: www.pcaw.co.uk

• Tel: 0300 123 3155 (Mon-Fri 8am-6pm)
• Email: whistleblowing@ofsted.gov.uk
• Write: WBHL, Ofsted, Piccadilly Gate, Store Street, Manchester M1 2WD

Signs of Safety puts children, young people, their parents, carers and their networks at the heart of any work that is completed with them. The model is a way of working with children, young people and families to ensure that their views are heard, and asks what they need to do to improve their situation. It is a way for families and professionals to work together to meet the needs of children and young people, in the best way possible.

Signs of Safety can be used in Early Help and Child in Need (Signs of Wellbeing) through to Child Protection (Signs of Safety) and Leaving Care (Signs of Success):



Using the Signs of Safety approach, together families, their networks and professionals are able to:

1. Look at what’s working well in the child’s life - the strengths and current solutions
2. Understand who is worried and why - the risks and concerns
3. Identify what needs to be done - goals and next steps to build on the strengths and reduce the concerns
4. Scale the worries and progress from 0 to 10
    

For more information about Signs of Safety practice in Northumberland, click here for our guide for families and professionals.
 
For more information about Signs of Safety, please visit www.signsofsafety.net

We have been working with all those in social care, and our partner agencies in using the Signs of Safety approach in their work with families.  

It is important that professionals, including those from across our partner organisations use the Signs of Safety approach to help meet the needs of Northumberland’s children, young people and their families.  

As part of this we have launched our new multi-agency referral form (MARF) - a single route of referral into the service.    

If you are professional considering making a referral into Childrens Social Care, either for Early Help Support or statutory services, you can access some 'Top Tips' to help guide you through this process and through your Signs of Safety journey.  

For some top tops about this form click here

Click here to access the Multi-agency Referral Form

If a child is in immediate danger or left alone, you should contact the police or call an ambulance on 999. There are numerous ways to report concerns about a child. Information on how to report both emergency and non-emergency abuse and neglect of a child is provided here.
 

Emergency cases

PLEASE NOTE FOR EMERGENCIES: If a child is in immediate danger or left alone, you should contact the police or call an ambulance on 999.

Non-emergency cases

If you think that you or someone you know has been the victim of abuse, please tell someone. For non-emergencies, contact us using the following details:

• 24/7 Onecall telephone: 01670 536400

You can also use the following forms to report a concern:

• To report abuse or neglect of a child, click this link and fill in the form.
• To report a concern about an adult, click this link.
• To report a concern about hate crime, domestic abuse, or antisocial behaviour, click this link.

If you are concerned about a child and know that they already have a social worker, then please dial the direct contact number of the social worker. If you do not know the direct contact number, please call 01670 536400.

PLEASE NOTE: If you are a professional who works with children, you should first discuss your concerns with your manager or designated professional. If there are still concerns, please contact the numbers above or fill in the MARF.

 

The Child Death Overview Panel meets every six weeks. Data is presented to them and the panel look at each individual case and the professional agencies that have had involvement, ensuring a thorough investigation to identify:

• how deaths might be prevented in the future
• cases giving rise to the need for a serious case review
• matters of concern affecting the safety and welfare of children in Northumberland
• any wider public health or safety concerns arising from a particular death of from a pattern of deaths in Northumberland

• When a child dies: A guide for parents and carers
• Child Death Overview Panel Terms of Reference and Guidance 
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2021 - 2022
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2020 - 2021
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2019 - 2020
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2018 - 2019
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2017 - 2018
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2015 - 2016
• Child Death Overview Panel Annual Report 2014 - 2015

“Sexual Exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative situations, contexts and relationships where young people (or a third person or persons) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of them performing, and/or another or others performing on them, sexual activities”
Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation 2009

Child sexual exploitation can occur through the use of technology without the child’s immediate recognition, for example being persuaded to send sexual images. In all cases, those exploiting the child/person have power over them by virtue of their age, gender, intellect, physical strength and/or economic or resources. Violence, coercion and intimidation are common and the child or young person usually has limited availability of choice resulting from their social/economic and/or emotional vulnerability. 
 

In January 2011, Barnardo's published their report ‘puppet on a string: the urgent need to cut children free from sexual exploitation’ which identified three different models of activity, below the models have been explained as well as details on what constitutes an inappropriate relationship.

Inappropriate relationships

• Usually involving a sole perpetrator who has inappropriate power or control over a young person. This could be physical, emotional or financial and they will use this to exploit them. One indicator may be a significant age gap and the young person may believe they are in a loving relationship.

‘Boyfriend’ model of exploitation

• The perpetrator befriends and grooms and young person into a ‘relationship’, and then coerces or forces them to have sex with friends or associates. The young person believes they are in a loving relationship.

Peer exploitation model

• A child is invited (often by same-sex friends) or forced by peers or associates to engage in sexual activity with several, or all of the children present at the time. There is no pretence of a special or intimate relationship with any of the perpetrators.

Organised/networked sexual exploitation or trafficking

• Young people who are often connected, are passed through networks. This could be over geographical distances, between towns and cities where they may be forced or coerced into sexual activity with multiple people. Often this occurs at ‘sex parties’ organised by the perpetrators for the purposes of giving victims drugs and alcohol before sexually abusing them. The young people may also be used as agents to recruit others into the network. This activity can be described as serious organised crime and can involve the organised ‘buying and selling’ of young people by the perpetrators. 

The advice leaflets below are published by Barnardo’s and provide advice for parents, professionals and young people across the UK.

• Be safe: for children and young people
• Parents/carers
• Professionals

Download our CSE poster 

For children with learning disabilities at risk of sexual exploitation, further information can be obtained from BILD. The following advice leaflets have been produced, identifying the signs of sexual exploitation for this group:

• Young people with learning disabilities 
• Parents and carers 
• Professionals 

The Wud U? app is an educational tool for teachers and care professionals interacting with young people who might be at risk of sexual exploitation. The app uses illustrated, interactive stories to educated young people about behaviour that could put them at risk of being sexual exploited. 

Tackling exploitation remains one of the most important challenges for the Northumberland Strategic Safeguarding Partnership, Northumberland Safeguarding Adults Board and Safer Northumberland Partnership Strategy Board.

It is the clear intent of these Northumberland Boards to improve the lives of children, young people and adults living in the county. This is done by ensure they understand the risks of being exploited, enabling and supporting victims and their families to cut contact with the perpetrators of abuse, and working in partnership with others to bring perpetrators to justice.
 
Our collective, multi-agency responsibility is to identify potential victims and safeguard them from further risk of harm. We are committed to prevent children, young people and adults becoming victims of this form of abuse and to reassure our communities we can perform our duties effectively by the provision of positive support and intervention, and promotion of community vigilance.

We will implement measures that lead to better outcomes for children, young people and vulnerable adults. We recognise feeling safe, having self-esteem and self-awareness, engaging in positive activities and making a positive contribution to wider society are all integral to the recovery and resilience of victims of exploitation.

• Exploitation Strategy for Northumberland 2020-23 

For the guidance on vulnerability factors for all professionals to consider in relation to the risk of sexual exploitation please click here.

For our Missing Children Protocol please click here.

• National Working Group for sexual exploited children and young people
• Barnardo's
• Childline
• The Children’s Society
• The Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP) Centre
• The NSPCC National Child Trafficking Advice and Information Line (CTAIL)
• ECPAT UK
• NSPCC Inform
• ThinkUKnow
• The Sex Education Forum
• UK Human Trafficking Centre
• University of Bedfordshire CSE films
• The Health Education England CSE film is now also live on the e-learning for health (eLfH) website
   

Children can be subjected to abuse by those who work with them in any setting. All allegations of abuse or maltreatment of children by a professional, staff member, foster carer or volunteer must therefore be taken seriously and treated in accordance with consistent procedures.

Local Safeguarding Children Partnerships have responsibility for ensuring there are effective inter-agency procedures in place for dealing with allegations against people who work with children, and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of those procedures. (Working Together to Safeguard Children 2018, Chapter 2).

The Northumberland Children and Adult Safeguarding Partnership (NCASP) has procedures for managing allegations against people who work with children (for example, those in a position of trust).  The procedures can be found here.
 
The role applies to allegations about paid, unpaid, volunteer, casual, agency and self-employed workers in any setting. For example, schools, hospitals and nurseries.

Every allegation should be referred to the relevant named senior office and then to the LADO. The LADO should be informed within one working day of all allegations that come to an employer’s attention, a named senior officer or made directly to the police. 

The LADO should be alerted to all cases in which it is alleged that a person who works with children has:  

• Behaved in a way that has harmed, or may have harmed, a child. 
• Possibly committed a criminal offence against children or related to a child.
• Behaved towards a child in a way that may indicate they may pose a risk of harm.
• Behaved towards a child in a way that indicates they are unsuitable to work with children.

Allegation's procedures may also be used where concerns arise about:  

• A person’s behaviour in their personal life which may impact on the safety of children who they are responsible for; 
• A person’s behaviour regarding their own children;  
• The behaviour in the private or community life of a partner, member of the family or other household member.  

To make a referral to the Northumberland LADO please use this referral form. Information should not be disclosed to the person the allegations are about until discussions have taken place with the LADO, the police and/or LA children's social care as this may hinder investigations.

The LADO will provide advice, guidance and help to anyone who has concerns about someone who works with children, to determine what action needs to be taken.The LADO co-ordinates information-sharing with the right people and will also monitor and track any investigations, with the aim of resolving it as quickly as possible.

The LADO is involved from the initial phase of the allegation through to the conclusion of the case. Please click here to view the allegations flow chart for more information. 

The LADO for Northumberland is Louise Prudhoe

Call: 07500 606174 (Monday to Thursday 08:30-17:00, Friday 08:30-16:30) or 01670 536400 (Out of hours)

Email: LADO@northumberland.gov.uk 

Make a Referral: complete Online Referral Form - Using the online referral form helps to ensure information can be responded to in a timely manner. 

For more information about LADO and the process, see Local Authority Designated Officer (LADO) - Information Sheet and Flowchart

The Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) came into effect in 2012 and is set out under the timetable of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012. The Safeguarding and Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 can be read here, the act sets out the foundation for this scheme. The Disclosure and Barring Service has an Independent Barring Board (IBB) with responsibility for taking barring decisions on new referrals and the management of two barred lists.
The system is a quicker and more effective vetting and barring service, and all disclosures for work with children and vulnerable persons are to be at an enhanced level for regulated activity. It will provide a service combining criminal records checking and the barring functions:

• the barring part will provide caseworkers with referrals about individuals who have harmed, or who pose a risk of harm to children, young people or vulnerable adults
• the checking part will allow employers to check and access the criminal record history of people working, or applying to work (paid or unpaid) in certain positions, especially those involving working with children and vulnerable adults
• See the DBS website for more advice, guidance and relevant forms

Before recruiting staff, whether paid or unpaid, consider the following:

• the application process should include the organisations commitment to safeguarding (for example in the job description)
• thorough checks should be made on an applicant’s identity, work history and references (including any gaps in time)
• obtain proof of qualifications
• undertake checks with the Disclosure and Barring Service
• a probationary period and supervision of the person should take place
• obtain and verify references

The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (SVGA) places a legal duty on regulated activity providers (employers, volunteer managers, personnel suppliers) to refer anyone who has:

• harmed or poses a risk of hard to a child or vulnerable adult
• satisfied the harm test
• received a caution or conviction for a relevant offence

The following groups have the power to make a referral to the DBS:

• local authorities (safeguarding role)
• education and library boards
• health and social care (HSC) trusts (NI)
• keepers of registers e.g. General Medical Council
• supervisory authorities e.g. Ofsted

Further information and guidance can be found in this leaflet.

If the person you are referring to the DBS is a teacher in England, you should also consider referring the case to the Teaching Agency. This is an executive agency for the Department for Education and is responsible for the regulation of teachers in respect of serious misconduct. Visit their website here.

Bringing together agencies in a single meet up helps to tackle the complex issue of domestic abuse. Up-to-date risk information is shared and a timely assessment of a victim’s needs ensures the appropriate services are involved. By using the knowledge and expertise of all agencies involved, the identified risks are managed in a coordinated way, providing professional support with the aim of reducing the risk of harm and repeat victimisation.

This process also helps improve agency accountability and support for staff involved in the high risk cases. Download the MARAC Operational Protocol here, including the procedural flow chart.

Guidance for professionals working with children and young people can be found here. Or for more information about private fostering visit the council site here or private fostering here.

For the responsibilities of independent schools regarding private fostering please follow this link,

Why do we need Early Help assessment?

• To give all practitioners working with children and young people a holistic tool to assess a child’s/young person’s needs at the earliest opportunity.
• To ensure these needs are not overlooked and plans are formulated straight away to address/support these needs.
• To provide a common structure to record information and facilitate information sharing between practitioners.
• To provide an assessment that can then involve the appropriate agencies at the appropriate time.
• To ensure that progress can be reviewed against the outcomes set and decisions made in a timely multi as soon as an issue emerges at any point in a child’s life.

 Click here for more information.

For guidance on how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The attached summary highlights changes made to Working Together March 2015 in relation to Working Together March 2013.

The Northumberland Children and Adult Safeguarding Partnership is aware of increasing pressure on services, which can make it difficult to release staff to attend training, as well as the need to keep learning and developing to maintain a skilled workforce, and that these short, team based learning events might be a helpful way to support learning.

The content of the briefings will be a mixture of new information (such as learning from case reviews) or a reminder/ repeat of basic information with challenge to think about the application to practice in the team.

To access the briefing please just click the links below. Please note that some briefings were developed prior to new NCASP arrangements and therefore may refer to Northumberland Strategic Safeguarding Partnerhsip (NSSP) and Northumberland Safeguarding Children Board (NSCB). 

Thresholds of Need Briefing

NSCB Team Brief Molly Serious Case Review

NSCB Team Brief Kirsty Serious Case Review

NSCB Team Brief Self neglect

NSCB Team Brief neglect

NSCB Team Brief Trafficking and NRM

NSCB Team Brief Principles of Assessment

NSCB Team Brief Private Fostering 

NSCB Team Brief Informing parents of concerns

NSCB Team Brief Clare's Law

NSCB Team Brief Domestic Violence and Abuse

NSCB Team Brief Power and Control (The Duluth Model)

NSCB Team Brief Jack Serious Case Review

NSCB Team Brief SMART Goals

NSCB Team Brief Neglect Audit

NSCB Team Brief Domestic Homicide Review

NSCB Team Brief Learning from the Child Sexual Abuse Audit

NSSP Team Brief Child to Parent Violence and Abuse (CPVA)  

NSCB Team Brief Familial Sexual Abuse

NSCB Team Brief Child Sexual Exploitation

NSCB Team Brief Child Sexual Abuse

NSCB Team Brief Working Together 2018

NSCB Team Brief Coercive Control

NSCB Team Brief County Lines

NSCB Team Brief CSA Health Assessments

NSCB Team Brief Engagement with Men in Families

NSCB Team Brief Signs of Safety

NSCB Team Brief The Dark Web

NSCB Team Brief Suicide in Children and Young People

NSCB Team Brief Safeguarding Disabled Children

NSCB Team Brief Online Radicalisation

NSCB Team Brief The Toxic Trio

NSCB Team Brief Professional Curiosity

NSCB Team Brief Joint Targeted Area Inspection (JTAI)

NSCB Team Brief Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

NSCB Team Brief Abusive Head Trauma (AHT)

NSCB Team Brief Northumbria Police Force Intelligence Mailbox

NSCB Team Brief Alcohol Free Childhood

NSSP Team Brief Harmful Sexualised Behaviour

NSSP Team Brief Chronologies

NSSP Team Brief Modern Slavery

NSSP Team Brief Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking

NSSP Team Brief Concealed Pregnancy

NSSP Team Brief Mental Capacity Act (2005) for Young People 16+

NSSP "Fiona" - 7 minute briefing guide

NSSP Domestic Abuse Act 2021

NSSP Contextual Safeguarding

NSSP Exploitation and Language

NSSP "Aaron and Bobby" - 7 minute briefing guide

Caring about Adversity, Resilience and Empowerment (C.A.R.E.)

NCASP 'Caitlin' - 7 minute briefing guide

NCASP 'George' - 7 minute briefing guide

NCASP "Harry" - 7 minute briefing guide

Stress
Self-harm
Low mood
Anger
Anxiety

As part of the Government’s ongoing commitment to tackle serious and violent crime, the Home Office is relaunching its County Lines awareness-raising campaign (13th August 2019).

The campaign aims to raise awareness about County Lines and how to spot and safeguard potential victims amongst staff working in adult social services. With the right knowledge, staff will know how to spot potential victims and report concerns to either the Police, anonymously to CrimeStoppers, or safeguard in line with their organisation’s safeguarding policy.

Specifically, the campaign seeks to:

• Motivate frontline staff to look out for vulnerable adults;
• Equip them with the knowledge to identify victims; and
• Empower them to report any concerns to the Police / safeguarding authorities / CrimeStoppers

The campaign pack contains recommended messaging, promotional social media images and posters that you and ADASS members can download to raise awareness of County Lines. These assets are also available here.
    
If you have any questions, or would like further help and guidance to raise awareness of County Lines please feel free to get in touch.

Please download the presentation below to present to staff teams:

County-Lines-Partners-Presentation

See also the Partner Pack from the Home Office.

Gang Activity, Youth Violence and Criminal Exploitation Affecting Children

Safeguarding Children and Young People who May be Affected by Gang Activity

Ending Gang Violence and Exploitation (Government policy paper)

Reducing Knife, Gun and Gang Crime

Girls and Gangs, The Centre for Social Justice, 2014 (research paper)

Ending Gang and Youth Violence Community Engagement 2014

Injunctions to Prevent Gang-Related Violence and Drug Dealing (Home Office) May 2016

Injunctions to Prevent Gang-Related Violence and Gang-Related Drug Dealing A Practitioners’ Guide Revised Guidance May 2016

Preventing Gang and Youth Violence: Spotting Signals of Risk and Supporting Children and Young People

County Lines - Gang Violence Exploitation and Drug Supply (NCA 2016)

Criminal Exploitation of Children and Vulnerable Adults: County Lines  (The Home Office) - This guidance outlines what county lines (and associated criminal exploitation) is, signs to look for in potential victims, and what to do about it.

Children’s Voices - A review of evidence on the subjective wellbeing of children involved in gangs in England (Children’s Commissioner, November 2017)

Download ‘county lines’/child exploitation posters from the Home Office